Understanding Startup Landscape Cairo

Understanding Startup Landscape Cairo The startup market in Cairo has been quietly growing over the last decade. There have been small examples of economic innovation over the years, but within the last few years the startup scene has exploded. The political revolution of 2011 threw open the doors to freedom in Egypt, giving entrepreneurs opportunities they never thought possible. © Shutterstock.com | givagaAs we discover what advantages Cairo has over other startup cities, we’ll explore 1) the location, 2) the tax incentives, 3) legal incentives, 4) investors, 5) local resources, 6) specialization of the area, and 7) startups to watch.LOCATIONThe capitol city of Egypt, Cairo is the largest city in the Middle East. Situated along the Nile River delta, the city is the center of the political and cultural life of Egypt.Geographical BenefitsOne of the world’s oldest cities, Cairo has been in existence since early in the fourth century. A long tradition of influence has helped to shape the city’s landscape; influences from the Greeks, the Babylonians and the Romans can all be seen. Nestled among the iconic Egyptian symbols of the pyramids and Sphinx, Cairo is bringing its own influence to the surrounding cities and the world.Cairo acts as a hub for the Middle East. With a centralized location, the city has become important in every aspect of the Egyptian li fe. Medical resources are prevalent in the city, with the highest levels of care available in advanced hospitals. Educational systems are headquartered in Cairo, offering the highest number of schools and higher learning institutes in the country. Ramses Square, located in the heart of Cairo is the center of the entire Egyptian transportation network, connecting an extensive roadway, subway and train system. With an international airport, Cairo has connections to the rest of the world that allow entrepreneurs to easily navigate to wherever they need to go.Advantages of choosing the cityThe entrepreneur who selects Cairo as their headquarters is positioning themselves in one of the most exciting marketplaces in the world. The recent revolution has created a climate for businesses to thrive and grow in a way that few locations can compete with. Unlike many cities that are entering the entrepreneur race, Cairo has the advantage of being a relatively modern city. There is already an exi sting internet infrastructure, the climate for business is good and the city has a base of skilled technicians who have been waiting for the opportunity to showcase their talents. The needed ingredients are all in place â€" the city is simply waiting for the entrepreneurs to show up.Another advantage the entrepreneur in Cairo has is the support of existing entrepreneurs already established in the city. The explosion of knowledge and information within Cairo has revolutionized the city in many different areas. For the entrepreneur, however, it has given them the ability to move quickly with the swell of public interest. With the presence of entrepreneurs in the city already, the recent revolution made it possible for others to join the startup community easily. Collaboration and support are essential to a young entrepreneur, and the existing community allows for even more rapid growth and development.TAX INCENTIVESDue to the recent revolutions in Egypt, the government system in Cairo is in a state of upheaval. Within this upheaval is the regulation of startups, and the correlating tax systems in place. Prior to the revolution, the tax policies of Egypt were established at a flat twenty percent of income. Post-revolution Cairo finds itself in the process of re-inventing not only the city, but the policies and systems that are in existence. One area that must be addressed is the lack of tax incentives for entrepreneurs. The Cairo economy is slowly beginning to recover after the turmoil of the last decade, and entrepreneurs are a large part of that recovery.In order to continue to encourage entrepreneurship, the government must create tax incentive programs that not only benefit startups, but provide additional motivation to individuals. Taking their cue from other successful startup hubs, Cairo could institute a tax incentive plan that allows for tax breaks in specific industries, for innovative problem solving, for specific hiring regulations â€" the possibiliti es are endless.Providing tax incentives can be an asset in non-financial areas as well. A major hurdle that entrepreneurs have in Cairo is the risk-averse attitudes many people seem to have. Most of the people in Cairo encourage young people to find established, stable careers and avoid the risky, unknown world of entrepreneurship. Coupled with this lack of risk-taking is the shame (and legal ramifications) of failure. Filing for bankruptcy has long term consequences that can include a jail sentence, causing many would-be entrepreneurs to choose safe industries to work in. It can also cause many to avoid the risk altogether by forgoing the opportunity to be an innovator. This fear of failure is detrimental to the innovative and entrepreneurial identity that Cairo wishes to have for itself. To overcome this stigma, there must be a concerted effort by the government to offer support, encouragement and incentives for those who wade into the innovator waters.Further, the streamlining of the processes involved in establishing a company in Cairo would greatly improve the city’s startup hub potential. The current process can take up to two weeks, and involves a series of applications and addendums that must be filled out and filed. In recent years the process has begun to move online, allowing applicants to do many of the paperwork forms all within the span of a day. This improves the ‘workability’ of the city and allows more entrepreneurs to move from idea to reality in a shorter amount of time.LEGAL INCENTIVESOne of the largest issues that entrepreneurs in Cairo face is the required conscription into the Egyptian military. All young men between the ages of 18 â€" 30 are required to serve in the military for up to three years. For a young entrepreneur coming out of college, this can be a major setback. A young, energetic entrepreneur who has to walk away from their dreams of starting a business to join the military may never find their way back to becoming an innovator.In one instance, the founder of Recylobekia is a young 23 year old who decided to take action and save his company. Because he has never signed up to serve in the military, he lives in anxiety; wondering when the government is going to demand his service. Before being forced into service, Mostafa Hemdan is considering hiring a chief operations officer to handle the day to day operation of his company. This would allow Hemdan to simply sign up for his military service, instead of waiting to be conscripted. In any future revitalization of the city, it must revamp the conscription policy.Another area of concern for startups within the city is the legality of entrepreneurship. While it is not illegal to start a company, it is not encouraged in many ways. The lack of supporting laws that protect both the company and the entrepreneur is problematic for both entrepreneurs and investors. Entrepreneurs want to know that their work will not be in vain â€" that they will not lose the ir intellectual property to the competition. Investors want assurances that the money they invest is secure from outside forces. In addition, there needs to be a policy of entrepreneurial support. Offering advice and support to navigate the myriad of legalese forms that must be filled out is an excellent way of encouraging entrepreneurs, and should be the focus of reforms in Cairo.INVESTORSFew things rattle investors like political unrest. In Cairo, recent uprisings have virtually dried up the potential funding sources of most entrepreneurs. With political uncertainty, investors â€" particularly foreign ones â€" have trouble feeling enough confidence in the marketplace to invest. For an up and coming startup city, the lack of funding combined with a shaky economy can only spell disaster.In Cairo, however, it has simply inspired a new generation of entrepreneurs. The lack of angel investors and startup capital has deterred many who considered the odds insurmountable. Others, though, saw the hurdles as challenges and simply used them to springboard into entrepreneurship.There are very few accelerators and incubators in Cairo. However, the last two years have seen an explosive growth in the number of resources that exist in the city. Within the last year, Cairo has held its first entrepreneurial summit, launched an angel investor group and opened its first startup accelerator program. The potential for investors is huge â€" it is simply time to establish a means for them to quickly and easily engage with entrepreneurs.Working with accelerators, investors can begin to find entrepreneurs that are of interest to their group and establish a relationship with them. The investor can begin to showcase the prospectus to other, like minded investors and encourage them to invest as well.After startups receive their angel funding, there is a clear gap between the startup funding and the expansion funding. The limited amount of funding is problematic to entrepreneurs within Cairo who are looking for capital to start or expand their business. As the city stabilizes and innovators continue to demonstrate their entrepreneurial spirit, investors will once again return to Cairo. The snowball effect of adding funders to the city is an effective demonstration of the process. Other funders will be drawn to the city as they see the success that early investors have. As the startups succeed, other companies will be drawn to the city as well, creating a self-propelling cycle of investing and innovating.Facing Down the Challenges to Entrepreneurship in Egypt: Shereen Allam of Awtad LOCAL RESOURCESA well educated workforce is one of the greatest resources that Cairo has to offer. A high unemployment rate has created an environment where young, educated citizens are without jobs and prospects. These young people are turning to innovation and design to create jobs that solve problems, as well as create opportunities for work.Flat6Labs is another important resource th e city of Cairo has. A startup accelerator, it takes a company from a vague idea and helps turn it into a viable corporation. Partnered with a law firm, they ensure that all the paperwork and other essential filings are completed correctly, and then help to establish all the necessary tools for success. The accelerator offers assistance to a selected number of companies each term, and provides workspace, funding and support. For the emerging startup city, it is one of the most valuable resources to possess.GrEEK is another innovative resource that Cairo can claim. Located directly in the center of the turmoil downtown, the former college campus turned innovation headquarters is working to revitalize the city from the inside out. Developed to allow entrepreneurs to have a place to collaborate and innovate, the GrEEK model is seeing early success with the companies it has assisted. By offering entrepreneurs a tech-campus co-working space, it offers hope in an area that recently saw no thing but riots.SPECIALIZATIONThe startup market in Cairo is not new, but has recently seen an explosion in growth and support. The entrepreneurs who are turning to innovation in the last few years have generally migrated to the tech startup fields or the rapidly growing fields of science and healthcare. As the leading internet market in Africa, Cairo leads Egypt in the number of connected web users, bandwidth and web services.With new interest in solar energy, innovative technologies are being developed to harness the power of the sun â€" something Cairo has plenty of â€" to provide electricity to residents.Mobile technology applications are also an area of specialization that has developed in the last year. The recent riots and uprisings in the city led developers to create a program alerting users to traffic delays, backups and other location based services. As more users begin to take advantage of the program, more features will likely be added.Educational needs will also be a l arge push in the specialization of Cairo’s entrepreneurship. With high unemployment rates, startups will begin to innovate new methods of improving the Cairo lifestyle. Training centers, instructing farmers on the latest and newest agricultural methods are important for the future agricultural development of Cairo. Innovative methods and techniques will be essential to maintain the farming structure of the area.STARTUPS TO WATCHSolarist: Hoping to eliminate a lack of drinkable water, Solarist has developed a portable, solar powered water desalination machine. This affordable option can be used out in the farming areas around Cairo, as well as offer potential long term solutions for water within the city.Recyclobekia: Addressing the growing amount of technology waste that is produced, Recyclobekia collects electronic waste and exports them. By exporting the waste to a green recycler, the materials are repurposed and reused; helping to keep the materials out of landfills and providi ng the consumer with usable items.Instabug: Tech startup Instabug is an innovative bug-reporting tool for mobile users. Specifically designed for mobile application developers, Instabug allows the user to simply ‘shake’ their cell phone to report bugs with development. Passing up opportunities for jobs at large tech firms, the developers of Instabug gambled on becoming entrepreneurs and won.Taqalid: With a new perspective on death and the dying, Taqalid offers the new generation of Cairo residents the convenience of digital. Obituaries, funeral announcements, service information and other parts included in the process of death are now all available online. Bridging the age gap, this ‘new feature’ allows the younger generation to grieve and find strength through the digital interface.The growing startup community in Cairo is increasing exponentially in size. With an existing infrastructure and readily available workforce, the potential for explosive growth is huge. As more in vestors realize the opportunities that Cairo offers, there will likely be a stampede of money moving into the area, wanting to capitalize on the innovation.

The Rocky Horror Picture Show - 860 Words

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The Spanish Slave Trade Between 1500 And 1866 Essay

An early 15th-century traveler would be astounded by the expressions of civilization in this 21st century. He or she would be particularly amazed by today’s â€Å"America†. The land, once inhabited by the Aztecs, the Incas, and other indigenous groups, underwent a massive global transformation that began in the late 1400s. The European invasion of the Americas in the late 15th century, the Transatlantic Slave Trade between 1500 and 1866, and the Haitian revolution that characterized the late 18th to early 19th century introduced diversity, economic growth and class equality to the native soils. This left a significant mark not only in the Americas but also in global history. In 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew set their sails across the Atlantic Ocean with hopes of arriving in the East. However, they mistakenly voyaged their way into the Americas. 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General Evidence To Ipo Under-Pricing Free Essays

During the 1980s, the market expected an average of 11% returns on the initial public offerings (IPOs) within the first week of opening, which subsequently almost reached up to 21% during the period of 1991-1999. During the magical period of 1999 – 2000, the returns were almost 66%.   These effects can be largely credited to the amendments in the composition of a number of listed companies appearing as public. We will write a custom essay sample on General Evidence To Ipo Under-Pricing or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the most prominent reason behind the harsh under pricing of initial public offerings where the returns have been unexpectedly higher? According to the statistics, the IPO under pricing had almost doubled from 7% to 16% from the 1980’s to the late 1990’s. In general, the increase in the under pricing can be pointed towards the previously concealed group troubles between underwriters and issuing firms. Stating in other words, the problems between the two, that were initially not present on the main scene became of overriding importance during the 1999 – 2000. These two propositions are often referred to as the varying composition theory and the agency theory. The first theory of varying composition is supported by the postulation that dicey and unsafe IPO’s will be obviously underpriced by more than less dicey IPO’s. If the percentage of IPOs that correspond to unsafe stocks swells up, then the average under pricing ought to increase (Ritter (1983)). As a note, the number of IPO’s from the Information technology sector has risen up with time. Another significant point to note was that, there exists no proof about the companies which were appearing as public during the late eighties was actually older than those who went into the public sector during the nineties. The average age of an issuing company was around 7 years during the 1980s and 8 years during the 1990s, before it came down to 5 years during 1999-2000 (â€Å"the internet bubble or the magical period†). An analogous outline holds for sales structure, that there was no secular inclination in the average sales of public companies. In contrast to the late 1980’s, the IPOs which were administered by high profile investment banks / underwriters in the 1990’s, were more highly underpriced than IPO’s which were linked to inferior status under writers or investment institutions. This phenomenon was explained as- since the underwriting in the IPO business became more profitable due to the augmented enthusiasm of firms to put down more money on the table. (Money on the table is defined as – the first-day price change (offer price to close) times the number of shares issued). As a result the underwriters / investment institutions made more profit from the money that was left on the table with the help of a rent-seeking action of buy-side investors. Moreover the market investors are prepared to give higher rates to the underwriters in order to receive IPO allocations. At the same time, the issuing companies are also ready to accept higher under pricing from high profile underwriters because of augmentation in the apparent significance of market analyst reporting and superior capital levels. One more reason that has come into light about the causes of IPO under pricing is that the under writers actually want to under price the issue in spite of the gross spread profits that they sacrifice. At the same the issuing firms most of the times do not try to bargain for a higher offer price when they are sure that the demand for the issue will be high enough. A number of firms went public which resulted in an obvious under pricing of IPO’s. According to Lungqist and Wilhelm (2003) as stated in a paper, that the increase in the IPO under pricing during the period of 1996 to 2000, was mainly due to the increased sharing programs like – the friends and family share allotment programs. Even more the number of shares that were owned by the company seniors like managers, CEO and venture capitalists had decreased by a significant amount, which offered fewer profits to them to stay away from harsh under pricing. Lungqist and Wilhelm further advocate that ruthless under pricing of IPO’s is also a consequence of a blend of premeditated under pricing by the issuing firms, who often assume to observe it as a way of drawing market awareness, and essential under pricing in order to pull out information from probable investors about demand for the IPO. In the year 2005, the European market had heaved up more money with the help of the initial public offerings (IPOs) and were able to create a center of attention for a large number of international IPOs as compared to the US exchanges. This increase was due to the increment in the business activities at the London Stock Exchange and in particular to the AIM, which were accountable for more than 53% of the total IPO’s in the year 2005. The London stock exchange has been the most active of the IPO world markets and as figures suggest, the IPO activity at the LSE is much higher than all the US markets. This paper makes an attempt to further study the under pricing in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) Main market and the AIM. As the study suggests, the cost of raising IPO in the LSE is quite cheaper than on the US markets and there are some reasons that are evidence to this fact. London’s position in terms of measurable costs is similar to that of Euronext and Deutsche Boerse. UNDER PRICING OF IPO – LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE The capital trading markets all over the world are experiencing a new level of global integration as obstacles to the flow of international funds are being removed slowly. As a result, firms now possess high amounts of flexibility while listing and raising capital. There are locations / markets that can actually prove to be quite cheaper for raising capital. This has given an opportunity to the companies as to select their own choice of trading market around the world keeping in mind, cost of raising capital, equity, debt and market advantages. The decision of the firms to select a particular market depends upon varied issues like the market size, directness, level of expertise accessible in its financial centre, and the listing procedure involved. Also, there exist several ways to float a company – the choices of which are highly affected by the size of the company, the risk involved, and the authoritarian planning and procedures in each country.   The most common of all the methods in the London Stock Exchange or the LSE are: offer for subscription, an open issue and a stock exchange opening. The under pricing of IPO’s in the market refers to the extensive inspection that regardless of the scheme of entering into the market, the IPO’s be inclined to give considerable returns within days or weeks after the issue has been opened. Rilter (1985), Welch (1987), Ibotsen et al. (1995), Dimson (1979), Buckland et al. (1981), Jenkins and Meyer (1988) point toward the average first day gains at the UK main market which varies from 9 % to 17%. According to Levis and Thomas (1995), during the period from 1985 to 1992, the LSE market had an average first day gains of 1.87% for a total of 106 IPO’s that was issues during the period. How to cite General Evidence To Ipo Under-Pricing, Papers

IT Technology Essays - Marketing, Strategic Management, Management

IT Technology The successful company will be driven to increase stakeholder value and profitability while creating a working environment that encourages and nurtures the growth of personal creativity and development as well as nurturing a sense of well-being for all members of the organization. When dealing with the forces that drive industry competition, a company can devise a strategy that takes the offensive. This posture is designed to do more than merely cope with the forces themselves; it is meant to alter their causes. The IT professional's role in competitive market intelligence The IT professional is increasingly being called upon to be a sleuth in the quest for the competitive market intelligence that is so necessary to support the enterprise's overall business strategy. In today's fast-changing marketplace, it is essential to monitor the techniques of similar businesses, and IT is being called upon to fulfill that functional need. IT must provide marketing with answers to vital questions such as: 1. How are competitors getting business? 2. Where does the enterprise look for new customers? 3. How are prospects targeted? 4. What services, products, and prices do competitors offer? 5. What images do our competitors project, and how does that compare to our image? The combined strength of marketing and IT Enterprises have depended on marketing for too long to provide competitive intelligence. It is crucial for IT professionals to contribute their specialized expertise to successfully adapt to the changing dynamics of the market arena. Marketing cannot do the job without the cooperation, tools, and willing support of the IT department. With the combined strength of the two complementary functions, a winning competitive market intelligence program is within the enterprise's reach. Useful and sometimes surprising insights can be gained from exploring the terrain of actual and potential competitors. Hardly an academic exercise, sizing up the competition should become an ongoing, regular, and systematic process of gathering, analyzing, and acting upon relevant data, which will provide businesses with two tangible benefits: It will reveal the steps that management must take to preempt competitive strikes. It will signal new market opportunities. Competitive monitoring enables management to develop practical strategies and measure the success of their actions. What you should know Simply knowing who your competitors are is not enough; you should also ferret out what their strategies and objectives are. You can gauge their strengths and weaknesses by learning about their products and services (current and new), pricing, features, and the level of customer satisfaction. How are your products or services positioned relative to the competition? Do your customers and prospects see your service as having the highest quality and still selling at the lower price? Is your product viewed as the low-cost brand, the premium-priced brand, the old standby, or the leader? After getting some comments, it may still be neither possible nor desirable to change your service's features. Instead, research could point out what to communicate and how to communicate to your market. For example, you could tell your marketing department what potential customers are looking for and highlight the features that are valued by your customers. Your information will enable the marketing people to create materials that tell customers what they want to hear and sell them what they want to buy. Differences can be subtle but they really do matter. Are yesterday's customers and clients being lured away by today's competition? Are they being tempted by the competition's siren song? Are they saying yes to your rival's lower fees or discounts? Are they buying new products or services that your company has not even thought of offering? Who will provide the answers? IT can, at the very least, provide meaningful data to formulate the correct solutions. Potential market threats While management understands the importance of keeping an eye on the competition, some members of management mistakenly believe that the marketing department alone has the resources to do a proper job. This is simply not true. Much valuable information exists in the database mines of the IT function. The IT professional must do some of the digging in those mines to find it. Most IT professionals are already in an excellent position to obtain and use primary competitive information and need only the encouragement or permission of management. Frequently, IT has become the central repository for this kind of competitive analysis information. However, using the information can be a challenge when different departments within the company engage in territorial squabbles, and the company is forced to dilute valuable resources through unnecessary duplications of effort. In such situations, management must educate all departments to

Emily and Calixtas Destructive behavior

Emily and Calixtas Destructive behavior Free Online Research Papers Emily Grierson is an unstable women who becomes isolated after the death of her father. Her father was the only love she ever experienced, only because her father did not allow her to experience the joys of doing things on her own nor the feelings of love and friendship. She lives a life void of love and affection. During this time Emily falls in love with Homer Barron. As she experiences love for the first time in her life, Miss Grierson’s relationship with homer becomes ill and short lived. Emily Grierson’s relationship with Homer Barron is a very unhealthy, destructive relationship. Homer is Emily’s first love and she wants to marry him but soon realizes he does not want to marry her. She is unable to cope with losing another man in her life and decides to take fate into her own hands. Emily decides to poison homer with arsenic, after doing so she keeps his body and continues to act as if he is still alive. Emily continues to sleep next to homer every night as indicated by the grey hairs found on the pillow next to homer’s remains. Emily’s perception of reality is clearly distorted when it comes to men as is her ability to allow change to occur in her life. Calixta is a mother, a wife and homemaker. She is beautiful with blue eyes and yellow hair an all around idea of a perfect women. Calixta sews, cooks, and she looks after the well being of her family quite well. She’s been married to Bobinot for five years and seems very happy with the life she lives. She has an affair with a man named Alcee Laballiere, this relationship is not as destructive as Emily’s because Calixta is not in love with Alcee and is already married. The affair is short lived, only occurring once and is unknown to everyone else. It was one night and one mistake neither was in love or emotionally involved as Emily was with Homer. There are many differences between Emily and Calixta. Differences between these two women include their background and lifestyle, Emily Grierson grew up with only the love of her father while Calaxta was free to date and love whom ever she desired. Also Emily does not commit adultery as Calaxta does. Emily does not have children to take care of and does not keep up well with herself or the house in which she lives. Calixta on the other hand has a child and a husband and takes care of the house the cooking and sewing. The main difference between Emily and Calixta is that Emily’s relationship with Homer Barron is very destructive in that she becomes ill over him and kills him, not to mention Emily is in love with a man that does not love her back. Calixta’s relationship with Alcee is not destructive because she is not in love with him nor is he in love with her. Research Papers on Emily and Calixta's Destructive behaviorComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

The New SAT Math What’s Changing

The New SAT Math What’s Changing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Starting in March 2016, there will be a newly redesigned SAT. The new SAT only has two sections: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and Math. While most people are focused on the changes to the Reading and Writing section, there have been a few changes to the SAT Math section that are important to know. What are these changes? How will your SAT study strategy need to change? I’ll delve into that and more in this guide. Math: The Major Changes in the 2016 New SAT Let's go through each of the important alterations to the math section of the test. Two Sections: One With Calculator, One With No Calculator On the old SAT, the whole math section allowed you to use a calculator. On the new SAT, the math section is divided into two portions: one which allows calculator and one which does not. The non-calculator portion will always be the third section of the test. The calculator portion will always be the fourth section of the test. Don't be afraid of the no-calculator section. The reason you’re not allowed a calculator is you should be able to solve these questions without one. Some of the skills required to answer these no calculator questions include: Simple math (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) Simplifying single equations or phrases (using the FOIL method) Solving a system of two equations Knowing square roots (or being able to find a square root by multiplying) Being familiar with powers (and how to reconfigure powers). These questions can get somewhat challenging. Here is a sample no calculator question (from an official practice SAT) that requires you to use your knowledge of powers: If $3x-y=12$, what is the value of ${8^x}/{2^y}$? A) $2^12$B) $4^4$C) $8^2$D) The value cannot be determined from the information given. Answer Explanation: One approach is to express $${8^x}/{2^y}$$ so that the numerator and denominator are expressed with the same base. Since 2 and 8 are both powers of 2, substituting $2^3$ for 8 in the numerator of ${8^x}/{2^y}$ gives $${(2^3)^x}/{2^y}$$ which can be rewritten $${2^(3x)}/{2^y}$$ Since the numerator and denominator of have a common base, this expression can be rewritten as $2^(3x−y)$. In the question, it states that $3x − y = 12$, so one can substitute 12 for the exponent, $3x − y$, giving that the $${8^x}/{2^y}= 2^12$$ The final answer is A. Here is a sample no calculator question that requires you to simplify: If $x3$, which of the following is equivalent to $1/{1/{x+2}+1/{x+3}}$? A) ${2x+5}/{x^2+5x+6}$ B) ${x^2+5x+6}/{2x+5}$ C) $2x+5$ D) $x^2+5x+6$ Answer Explanation: In order to find the answer, you need to rewrite the original phrase and to do that you need to multiply it by ${(x+2)(x+3)}/{(x+2)(x+3)}$. When you multiply through, you should get ${(x+2)(x+3)}/{(x+2)+(x+3)}$. Continue simplifying by multiplying $(x+2)(x+3)$ in the numerator and simplifying the denominator by completing the addition of $(x+2)+(x+3)$. You should then get: $${x^2+5x+6}/{2x+5}$$ That matches answer choice B, so that is the final answer! Less Emphasis on Geometry Geometry took up about 25-35% of questions on the old SAT, but it will now account for less than 10% of questions on the new SAT. The questions will remain relatively the same, but there will simply be less of them. Here is a sample Geometry question from a new SAT practice test: Answer Explanation: The volume of the grain silo can be found by adding the volumes of all the solids of which it is composed (a cylinder and two cones). The silo is made up of a cylinder (with height 10 feet and base radius 5 feet) and two cones (each with height 5 ft and base radius 5 ft). The formulas given at the beginning of the SAT Math section (Volume of a Cone $V={1}/{3}Ï€r^2h$ and Volume of a Cylinder $V=Ï€r^2h$) can be used to determine the total volume of the silo. Since the two cones have identical dimensions, the total volume, in cubic feet, of the silo is given by $$V_(silo)=Ï€(5)^2(10)+(2)({1}/{3})Ï€(5)^2(5)=({4}/{3})(250)Ï€$$ which is approximately equal to 1,047.2 cubic feet. The final answer is D. Also, somewhat ironically, although the number of Geometry questions is decreasing, the College Board decided to give you more Geometry formulas in the reference section, which is at the beginning of the SAT Math sections. The reference section lists some formulas and laws for you to use when answering questions. Here is the old reference section: Here is the new reference section: In addition to the formulas included in the old reference section, the College Board has included the volume formulas for a sphere, cone, and pyramid. Also, the College Board gives you an additional law of Geometry: "the number of radians of arc in a circle is 2Ï€." For a full list of provided formulas and formulas you should memorize, read our guide to formulas you must know. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Increased Focus on Algebra Algebra will now account for more than half of the questions in the SAT math section. While algebra was always a part of the math section, it’s now being emphasized even more. These questions can be very tricky because they ask you to apply algebra in unique ways. Some of the algebra skills required to succeed on the SAT math section include: Solving linear equations Solving a system of equations Creating linear equations or system of equations to solve problems (used in the example below). Creating, analyzing, solving and graphing exponential, quadratic, and other non-linear equations. The following example algebra question is from a real new SAT practice question: Answer Explanation: To solve this problem, you should create two equations using two variables ($x$ and $y$) and the information you’re given. Let $x$ be the number of left-handed female students and let $y$ be the number of left-handed male students. Using the information given in the problem, the number of right-handed female students will be $5x$, and the number of right-handed male students will be $9y$. Since the total number of left-handed students is 18 and the total number of right-handed students is 122, the system of equations below must be true: $$x + y = 18$$ $$5x + 9y = 122$$ When you solve this system of equations, you get $x = 10$ and $y = 8$. Thus, 50 of the 122 right-handed students are female. Therefore, the probability that a right-handed student selected at random is female is ${50}/{122}$, which to the nearest thousandth is 0.410. The final answer is A. Increased Focus on Modeling The new SAT math section has a new type of question which asks you to think about what equations or models mean. You will be given a model or equation and be asked to explain what certain parts mean or represent. These questions are weird because they're asking you to do something you rarely do: they ask you to analyze the significance of the number or variable in context rather than solve the equation. Here is a sample modeling question from a new SAT practice test: Kathy is a repair technician for a phone company. Each week, she receives a batch of phones that need repairs. The number of phones that she has left to fix at the end of each day can be estimated with the equation $P=108-23d$, where $P$ is the number of phones left and $d$ is the number of days she has worked that week. What is the meaning of the value 108 in this equation? A) Kathy will complete the repairs within 108 days.B) Kathy starts each week with 108 phones to fix.C) Kathy repairs phones at a rate of 108 per hour.D) Kathy repairs phones at a rate of 108 per day. Answer Explanation: In the given equation, $108$ is the value of $P$ in $P = 108 − 23d$ when $d = 0$. When $d = 0$, Kathy has worked $0$ days that week. In other words, $108$ is the number of phones left before Kathy has started work for the week. Therefore, the meaning of $108$ in the given equation is that Kathy starts each week with $108$ phones to fix because she has worked $0$ days and has $108$ phones left to fix. The final answer is B. More Advanced Topics Addition of Trigonometry Trigonometry had never been asked on the SAT Math section†¦ until now! Trigonometry will now account for as many as 5% of math questions. You'll be tested on your knowledge of sine and cosine. Here is a sample trigonometry question from a real new SAT practice test: In triangle $ABC$, the measure of angle $∠  B$ is 90 °, $BC=16$, and $AC=20$. Triangle $DEF$ is similar to triangle $ABC$, where vertices $D$, $E$, and $F$ correspond to vertices $A$, $B$, and $C$, respectively, and each side of triangle $DEF$ is $1/3$ the length of the corresponding side of triangle $ABC$. What is the value of sin$F$? (This is a grid-in question, not multiple choice, so there are no answer choices listed with the question.) Answer Explanation: Triangle ABC is a right triangle with its right angle at B. Therefore, $\ov {AC}$ is the hypotenuse of right triangle ABC, and $\ov {AB}$ and $\ov {BC}$ are the legs of right triangle ABC. According to the Pythagorean theorem, $$AB =√{20^2-16^2}=√{400-256}=√{144}=12$$ Since triangle DEF is similar to triangle ABC, with vertex F corresponding to vertex C, the measure of $\angle ∠  {F}$ equals the measure of $\angle ∠  {C}$. Therefore, $sin F = sin C$. From the side lengths of triangle ABC, $$sinF ={\opposite \side}/{\hypotenuse}={AB}/{AC}={12}/{20}={3}/{5}$$ Therefore, $sinF ={3}/{5}$. The final answer is ${3}/{5}$ or 0.6. Addition of i Questions asking you to use $i$ have been added to the new SAT math section. On the exam, problems that use $i$ will always remind you that $i=√(-1)$. However, you should know that this also means $i^2=-1$. You should otherwise approach problems that use $i$ in the same way you'd approach any other math problem. Let's attempt this $i$ example problem below: $${8-i}/{3-2i}$$ If the expression above is written in the form $a+bi$, where $a$ and $b$ are real numbers, what is the value of $a$? (Note: $i=√{-1}$) A) $2$ B) $8/3$ C) $3$ D) $11/3$ Answer Explanation: To rewrite ${8-i}/{3-2i}$ in the standard form $a + bi$, you need to multiply the numerator and denominator of ${8-i}/{3-2i}$ by the conjugate, $3 + 2i$. This equals $$({8-i}/{3-2i})({3+2i}/{3+2i})={24+16i-3i+(-i)(2i)}/{(3^2)+(2i)^2}$$ Since $i^2=-1$, this last fraction can be reduced simplified to $$ {24+16i-3i+2}/{9-(-4)}={26+13i}/{13}$$ which simplifies further to $2 + i$. Therefore, when${8-i}/{3-2i}$ is rewritten in the standard form $a + bi$, the value of a is 2. The final answer is A. How Does Your Study Strategy for SAT Math Need to Change? Let's go through the key steps you need to take to prepare for this new version of the test. Practice Mental Math Since there is a non-calculator portion of the new SAT math section, you need to be prepared to do math without a calculator! Make sure you’re sharp on your basic math skills (adding (including adding fractions), subtracting, multiplying, dividing). Also, make sure you know some common square roots (and squared numbers). My advice for making sure you're ready for the non-calculator portion of the new SAT math section is to practice a lot. Make sure you take every free new SAT practice test available. Don’t use your calculator on the non-calculator section and see how you do! Practice makes perfect! However, to get really good at your mental math, you need to stick to the real testing conditions. Realistic practice makes perfect! Spend Most of Your Study Time on Algebra Since algebra counts for 50% or more of the new SAT math section, you need to make sure your algebra skills are at maximum strength! Check out our two fantastic algebra guides for help with systems of equations and linear, quadratic, and algebraic functions. Make sure you get realistic practice. Take every free new SAT practice test available, and make sure to do a thorough review of your test. Get Familiar With Advanced Topics For trigonometry, don’t worry about spending too much time on it since it accounts for less than 5% of questions, but you should make sure you know the basic trigonometry formulas you’ll need to use and how to apply them. If you have the basic trigonometry formulas (sine and cosine) memorized and know how to apply them, then you should be able to answer most SAT math trigonometry questions. Since trigonometry only accounts for about 5% of the math section, only spend about 5% of your SAT math study time on it. For $\bi i$, also don't worry too much. There are usually only 1-3 $i$ questions per test. As I said before, the problems that use $i$ will always remind you that $i=√(-1)$. Just make sure you remember that if $i=√(-1)$ then $i^2=-1$. If you keep this in mind, you should be able to solve the $i$ questions on the SAT. The Bottom Line Though the changes to the new SAT math section might feel major, they're actually relatively subtle. There has been a slight shift in the material covered, which means there needs to be a shift in how much time you spend studying certain math topics. The questions asked are generally more straightforward than those on the previous SAT math. The Major Changes to Math Are: #1: Less geometry (down to less than 10%)#2: More algebra and modeling (50% or more of the test)#3: Trigonometry and $i$ have been added#4: You’re not allowed to use your calculator on one portion of the math test You Should Change Your Study Strategy By: #1: Knowing your mental math#2: Focusing your time on algebra#3: Learning trigonometry and $i$ (but not spending too much time on them) What’s Next? Need to brush up on some basic math in preparation for the no-calculator section? Our articles on the distributive property, perfect squares, inequalities, adding and subtracting fractions, and tips for easy multiplication can help. Want a ratio and proportions challenge? Try calculating how many seconds there are in a day, week, and year, then check your process and answers here! Interested in testing yourself with the hardest SAT math questions out there? Check out our 13 toughest SAT math question guide. Running out of time on the SAT math section? Our guide will help you beat the clock and maximize your score. Aiming for a perfect score? Check out our guide on how to get a perfect 800 on the SAT math section, written by a perfect scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: